BD029817

and lower ends, and no openings arc seen in the folding screen which partly surrounds the table. Upon the firing of a pistol the occupant of ths table is ignited, and smoke and flame bursting from the screen indicate that the work of destruction is going on within. When the firs is burned out the screen is lifted, and nothing remains upon the table but a few smouldering embers and a pile of hones surmounted by a skull. Close observation does not reveal soy way of escape for the young woman. It is, however, obvious that the msgician cannot afford to sacrifice such a subject every evening, and the spectators are forced to conclude that the whole affair is a very clever trick. Ia fact, it ia simply a modification of the beheaded lady and numerous other tricks based upon the use of plane mirrors. The table baa but two legs, the
other two which appear being simply
Ii reflections. Time central standard cap.
ports but two candles, the other two being reflections. Underneath the table, and converging at the central standard, are arranged two plane mirrors at an angle of 900 with each other and 450 with the side panels of the screen. By means of this arrangement the side panels, which are uf the same color so the central or back panel, are reflected in the mirror and appear as a continuation of the back panel. The triangnlar box, of which the mirrors form two aides, has a top composed in part of the table tsp and in part of mirror sections for reflect- log the back panel, or with a covering
of the same color as the back panel.
- The operation of the apparatus is
TOE FINIeO. now obvious. When the victim is im
closed by the cylindrical screen, she
immediately escapes through a trap door in the table top, places the bones and the fireworks upon the table, and at the firing of the pistol ignites the latter and retires, closing the trap door after her.
1
“THE QUEEN OF FLOWERS.”
One of Mr. Kellar’s recent illusions is what he is pleased to call “The Queen of Flowers.” Our first engraving represents the stage as the audience sees it, and the last cot will help to explain it to the reader. The background, set against curtains, is about ten feet long and eight feet high, and represents a maca of flowers and bushes indiscriminately thrown together, with

THE PROJECTION OF MOViNG PiCTURES.
TIlE EDISON KINETOURAPII.
Ths “kinetograph,” which is the precursor of the apparatus for showing moving photographs, is of great interest. ‘I’he kinetograph as first proposed consistsd of a clever combination of a photographic camera and the phonograph, by which the words of a speech or play were to he recorded simultaneously with photographic impreeeious of all the movements of the speakers or actors. The photographic impression is taken at the rate of forty-six per second. The celluloid film upon which the photographic impressions are taken is perforated along one edge with a series of holes, arranged at regular intervals with as macli precision as can be secured by insane of the finest perforating inechanhem, to escure perfect registry. Tine was fonnd necessary because the phonographic cylinder must be in exact synchroniem with the shutter-operating and film-moving devices of the camera. The phonograph and camera snechanisme are driven by the same motor and controlled by the same regulating mechaniem. The greatest difficulty was experienced in devising mechanioni for the stopping and starting of the film. It was found that the stopping and starting of the film forty-six times a second required abont two-tlurds of the time, the remainder being utilized for the exposure of the plate. To take these pictures special camera lenses of large aperture had to he constructed. The reproducing apparatus is practically a reversal of the camera; that is, a superior form of projecting lantern is employed which is provided with a strong light, and mechanism for moving forward the strip with an intermittent motion, corresponding exactly to the motion of time negative strip in the camera. The lantern is furuielmed with a light interrupter whicls oclipeee the light during the brief period reqnired for shifting the film forward to a new position to show the succeeding picture. The apparatne was largely manufactured on a small scale, withoot tIme phonograph, for nec in railway stations, cigar stores, etc. It was fonnd to be almost impossible to combine the two instruments. In this case the pictures were not projected 01)00 the ecreen, hot were npon a ground.glass plate which the observer looks at.
Up to the time of the invention of this theater, the apparatne that produced the synthesis of the eucceesive phases of an action were limited to reproduction opon a very small scale, which can only be enjoyed by a limited groop. ‘lbs object of the optical theater was to provide an apparatus for the reproduction of a series of actions opon a considerable scale. The continuity of the image obtained by the praxinoscope, invented in 1877 by Id. Reynand, had not op to this time been realized by any projecting apparatus. The effect is produced by using a crystalloid band upon which the images are painted as represented at A in onr engraving. The operator can revolve it in one direction or the other by means of two reels. The images pass before the lantern, B, and are projected by the aid of the objective, C, upou an inclined mirror, Id, which projects them opon the transparent screen, E. Another projection lantern, B, causes the appearance on the screen of the scene, amid which appear the characters, which change their posture according as the painted band, A, is revolved by the operator.
The apparatne which we are about to describe is an important link in the history of the synthesis of animated motion. The apparatus is tIme inventioc of Ottamar Anechnetz, of Lisea, Proesia. A special camera was used, adapted to take a number of photographs in qnick succession. The metroment for displaying the pictures is called the “electrical tachyecope.” It consists of an iron wheel of sufficient diameter to hold an entire series of positive prints on the periphery. The wheel is arranged upon a rigid standard, and provided with a series of pine which register exactly with the pictnre. Upon the standard behind the wheel is located a box containing a spiral Cxeieeler tube which is connected with the terminals of a Ruhmkorff coil. The pnmary coil is provided with a contact maker and breaker adapted to be eperated by the pine projecting from the wheel, so that every time a picture comes before the Geissler tube it is illuminated by an electrical discharge through the
REYNAUD’S OPTICAL THEATER.
ELECTRIC TACHYSCOPE.

tube. This discharge, being instantaneous, shows each picture in an apparently fixed poeition. These picteree eucceed each other so rapidly that the retinal image of one picture is retained until the uext is superimposed upon it, thereby giving to tlse observer the sense_of a continuous image in constant
Inotion.
THE IJEMENY CHRONOPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS.
The chronophotographic apparatus whicls we illustrate was invented by H. 0. Bemeny, who is the assistant of Dr. Marey, whose work in chronophotography we have already described. As long ago as 1891, H. Pemeny was able to project upon a screen figures vhich simulated the motims of anisnal life.
Stripe of sensitized films from sixty to ninety feet in length were not available at tisis time, and it was necessary to employ sosne makeelsift. Images were taken frosn tile chronophotographic apparatns upon a strip four or five yards ill length, and were printed as positives upon a glass disk sssssitizsd by chloride of silver, and it was by ssssans of this disk that the projection was made. The number of images was linnted tn forty or fifty, according to the subject, but the advent of the long stripe of sensitized film induced the inventor to so modify the apparatns as to be able to take images in long series and for projecting them. ‘fits apparatns of hi. Desneny, which we show in our engraving,
employs strips of any length, bitt at present ths longest that have been osed are one hundred and fifteen feet. Tlti gives about one thousand intages of the dimensions adopted by the inventor. Otis and one half by otis and three quarter inches. ‘Ibis wids surface of the intage hits au immense advantage, sines, with the electric light, it permits of throwing the moving pictures on a screen sixteen feet high.
For a small screen the oxyhydrogen light will be sufficient. The lantern is provided with an ordinary condenser, in front of which is placed a water tank to absorb a portion of the heat. At the opposite snd of the table stands the chronophotographic projector which carries the film wound around its bobbins. The lantern is so regulated that the lnminons rays will fall exactly opon the apertors as the image passes behind the objective, 0.
After the foensing has been effected, all that has to be dons is to tnrn the crank, ilL At P and R are seen gnide bobbins that serve to pnt in their normal direction the films that have been used. As is well known, the principle of all projecting apparatns of this kind consists of arresting the film for an
instant at the moment it is uncovered by the shutter. The process employed in tise IJemeny apparatos is very simple. It is shown in Pig. 3 of oar engraving. Upon coming from the bobbin the film passes over a goide roller, 5, and then over a rod, 0, mounted eccentrically; thence it goes to the toothed roller, C, designed for causing the images to register accurately. The film then reaches the magazine roller, B. The mechanism is entirely enclosed in a box, and the shutter dick, which is not shown in the engraving, is situated at the other side of the aperture, P. Beneath the bobbia. A, is a rubber roller, E, mounted upon a spring in such a way that it will bear against the film, whatever be the thickness of the ribbon on the bobbin. It is this roller which is moved by gearing that causes th film to unwind in a continuous manner, and thus prepares it for the eccentric rod, B, which pulls upon a portion of the film already unwouud, but does not screen it. The film passing under the guide, 5, passes between two velvet-lined frames, H and T, that are provided with an aperture P. It is upon making its exit thence, and passing ever the guide, 5, that the film is taken up by the rod, B, then runs over the toothed rsller, C, and finally over the bobbin, B. All these parts, exclusive of the shutter, are interdependent, and are connected by gear wheels sst in niotion by the crank, 31. None of them have a jsrky motion. All of the parts of the mechanism have uniform rotary motion, and the stoppage of the films is prepared for by a graduated diminution of the velocity. One advantage of this apparatus is that it is very tender with the films. Our last engraving repressnts a few images on a strip made for a spectacular drama at the ChItsiet Theater, Paris. This strip is one hundred and fifteen fest long, and embracss a thousaud images, each of which was colored by band. The effect is very pleasing.
THE KINETOSCOPE STEREOPTICON.
Since the time the “kinetosoops “ brought the art of moving photography prominently into notice, many inventors have been striving to perfect apparatus far successfully projecting these miniature pictures upon the scresss by means of a stereopticon, producing the same effect of motion as in the kinetoscops. In the kinetosoope the successive images are illnminated by reflected light, and are seen through a lens enlarging them considerably, say from half an inch in diameter to about four inches. The problem of the kinetoscope stereopticon was to successfully project these little images several thousand times, and secure sufficient illumination upon the screen to make them appear distinct and clear. The two factors which aided in solving ths problem were the use of the electric lamp as an ilhzminaut and of continooos flsxibls transparent celluloid films. Our first engraving shows some kinsto
.4 5OOlO pictures taken directly from the negative film, by the “phantoscope” invented by Mr. C. P. Jenkins. The successive motions of practicing “putting
Pi(’TUJtER
tire eliot,” shown in these fifteen pictures, may be traced by beginning at the lower left-hand corner and reading upward for each column of pictures. The device for taking the phautoecops pictures le Shown in Figures 5 sen 6.
On a shaft is fixed a disk supporting four lenses, and geared to the ehsft is a vertical shaft engaging a bevel gear on the axie of the friar-winding reel. As the shaft is resolred by tire handle on tire outside, the leusee are brought respectively behind tire opening in tIre front of she box and trrLnnsmit the
momentary iiui— ages as they pass
the epening to the moving sensitized film winds goes in the same
direction as the moviug lens, and st the same speed. TIre exposed flInt is at
the same time wound up on the top reel. With the same apparatus the
pseitive pictures may be reeled off of one spool to the other, being pro-
jested by the electric liglst in the rear, illnminsted by rotating condensers, one
for each lamp. The pictures may bs looked at in the box, through a small
screen; they are made at the rats of twenty-five to tlse second, and are about
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and one-quarter of art inch apart, on S continuous eeueitizsd celluloid strip about one and a half inches wide, hay- leg perforations ire its edges, in which the sprocket wheels of the projecting devise engage. lire projecting apparatus is shown in Fig. I, and consists of an electric are lamp in front of which is a condenser. In advance of that is fire motor for operating the feed meshaniem, and in front of all is tIre filni traveling device and the objective. Our second engraving is a view of the stand complete, showing the rheostat, switches, ste., for regulating tire enrrent. The film, after passing behind the lens. is wonnd up on the reel belorr. Our third engraving shows the use of tire apparatus in the theater. It is placed in a cabinet srrrrorrodcd by eartaine, in an upper gallery, tire images being thrown forward npon a screen upon the stags.

TIlE “MUTOGRAPH” AND “MUTOSCOPE.”
The ‘ mutograph” and “mntoecope” are names of very intereeting machinee for presenting moving photographe. The camera frame is monnted, by meane of three adjnetable lege, npon a triangnlar tnrncable, which may be placed npon any enitable eupport. Upon the top of the frame ie bolted a two horse-power electric motor which is driven by a eet of etorage batteries; the combination of the tnrntable with a vertical adjuetable enablee the camera to be shif ted eo as to take in the reqnired field. In the front of the camera ie fixed a lene of great light-gathering qnality which predncee an image of exceedingly clear detail. Inside the camera is a strip of gelatins film two and three-qnarter inchee wide, and nenally abont one hnndred and eixty feet in length, which le wennd upon a email pnlley and drum. The length of the film varlee for different snbjecte. In case of a prolonged ecene it may extend several tboneand feet. The film ie led throngh a sense of rollers, and ie caused to pass directly belnnd tlse lene of the camera, and ie finally wound upon a drum. The object of the rollere ie to caner the film to paee behind the lens with an intermittent inetead of a continnone motion. At ordinary epeede this could be eaeily accomplished, but the difficultiee are iucreaeed when it is remuensbered that the impressions are taken at the rate of forty per second, and that the film, which ie runnicg at the rate of seven or eight feet a eecond, has to be stopped and started with equal frequency. The film comee to a rest just as the shutter opens, and starts again as the shutter cloeee. The impresemene vary in actual exposure between one one-hundredth and one four-hundredth of
a second. While the ordinary speed ie forty a eecond, the mutoecope can take equally good picturee at the rate of one hundred per eecood, if it ie neceeeary. The higheet speed woold be need in photographing the flight of a projectile or other object which wae in extremely rapid motion. After the mntograph has done ite work, tbe filme are carefolly packed and eent to the New York establishment of the American Sintoscope tiornpany. here they are taken to the dark room, the interior of which ia ehown in our engraving. Arranged along
each side of tIns room is a series of troughs, above which are suspended large skeleton reels three feet in diameter and seven feet long, the axes of the reels hsing jonrnalsd in brackets attachsd to the end of the trough. The Ihlms are
svonnd upon tiss reels and snbjsctsd to the action of the various solutions for
developing, fixing, etc., the reels being transferred from bath to bath until the
films are ready to go to the drying-room. In tins room are also prepared positive transparsot strips for use in the biograpli and the bromide prints for the matoscops. Tbs films are unwound on to large wooden drums about the same size as tlss reels, where thsy are carefully dried. At the far slid of the room are seen tlss macblase for cutting up the bromide prints. Here also is carriad on the work of retouching the films and preparing them for use in the biograph and mutoscops pictures. The biograph is somswhat similar to machines which we have aready described.
Tue annexed engravings show pictnres of clay-pigeon shooting and of the
firing of a ten-inch disappearing gun at Sandy Hook.
Upon the roof of hiss New York establishment of the company there has bssn erected a large movable stage for taking photographs of celebrated scenes
from plays or of individual psrformances in which it is desired to reproduce
ths motions as wsll as this features of the subject. It consists of a floor of
steel I-beams which carries a series of three concentric steel traps. Upen this rotatss ths massive f cams at ens end of which is a stage snpplied with the necsssary scenery, and at this other end a corrugated iron hones, in which
is located the mutograph. The etage is bolted to the frame, but the house travele upon a track, so that it may be nioved to or front the stage as required. The frame carrying the stage aud house rotates about the smaller circular track located beneath the house, aud may be swung around so as to throw the light full upon the scene at any hour of the day.
The muteseope” is compact, and the pictures are large. It is uot any larger than the cover of a sewing maclone. The eulargsd bromide priuts, measuring four by six inches, are mounted in close consseotivs order around the cylinder and extend oat like the leaves of a book, as shown in the illestration. In the operation of the motoscope the spectator has the performance entirely under his own control by turning a crank which is placed conveniently at hand, and may make the operation as qnick or as slow as he desires, and can stop the machine at any particular picture at will. Each picture is momentarily held in front of the lens by the action of a slot attached to the roof of the box, which allows the pictures to slip by in mach the earns way as the thantb is need upon the leaves of a book.
rnrsaroa OF TOE aLToecope.”
“CINEMATOGRAPIT” CAMERA.
The “ cinennitograph” camera, invented by the Messrs. LumiOre & Sons, works on a somewhat different principle from those we have already described. In tins camera the film is carried forward intermittently, no sprocket wheel being nsed. The film-moving mechanism is fully illustrated in Figs. 1 and 3.
The film-moving device consists of two prongs which somewhat resemble a fork. it is shown at D in Fig. 3. The prongs are alternately pushed throngh or withdrawn from the perforated ribbon by the aid of a rotating bar,
C. The film-moving device, B, has really a shuttle movement, having a rapid reciprocating nmtion. The rotating bar, C, which is eecnred to the main shaft, is so arranged that ite ends, which are bent in opposite directions, strike on alternate sides of the wedge-shaped piece which is secured to the fork, B, and thus impart to the latter a reciprocating motion. The npand-down motion of the film ie accomplished by the aid of a cam which ie secared to the main shaft. The reciprocating yoke piece, A, is given a vertical motion when the crank shaft is rotated. The arm, B, ie attached to the yoke piece, A, and this carries down the film throngh the medium of the fork, B. When the film hae been lowered the distance of one exposure, the rotating bar, C, strikes the fork and removes the pronge from the film. The yoke piece then raieee the prongs, and the other arm of the rotating bar strikes the wedge-shaped piece, and forces the fork, B, throngh the apertures in the film. On the main shaft is also arranged the shntter, E, which rotates
with the film-moving mechanism. Fig. 2 shows the simplicity of the camera. On the upper end of the box is the sensitized ribbon, which passes downward between guides before the lens opening. The bent ends of the cam operating bar, wInch give the fork, D, its reciprccating motion, are shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 is a general view of the instrument, ehowing the driving gear and film eupport. Fig. 5 shows the cinevuatograph camera in operation. It will be seen that the camera is very portable. The same camera can be converted into a projecting apparatus for throwing moving pictzres upon the screen. The images are about an inch square.
The camera for ribbon photography wlucb we illustrate is the invention of Mr. C. F. Jenkins, the inventor of the “vitaecope,” which we have already
described. Instead of using a rotary disk shutter, the radial apertures, and a
i’IO. 5.—nuivuso OEAa .4150 FILlS surroev.
CAMERA FOR RIBBON PHOTOfiRAFIIY.