Show simple item record

dc.contributor.authorDe Feo, Giovanni
dc.contributor.authorAntoniou, George
dc.contributor.authorFardin, Hilal Franz
dc.contributor.authorEl-Gohary, Fatma
dc.contributor.authorZheng, Xiao Yun
dc.contributor.authorReklaityte, Ieva
dc.contributor.authorButler, David
dc.contributor.authorYannopoulos, Stavros
dc.contributor.authorAngelakis, Andreas N.
dc.date.accessioned2015-05-26T12:48:07Z
dc.date.issued2014-06-20
dc.description.abstractAlthough there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopotamian Empires in Iraq (ca. 4000-2500 BC), it is not until after ca. 3000 BC that we find evidence of the well organized and operated sewer and drainage systems of the Minoans and Harappans in Crete and the Indus valley, respectively. The Minoans and Indus valley civilizations originally, and the Hellenes and Romans thereafter, are considered pioneers in developing basic sewerage and drainage technologies, with emphasis on sanitation in the urban environment. The Hellenes and Romans further developed these techniques and greatly increased the scale of these systems. Although other ancient civilizations also contributed, notably some of the Chinese dynasties, very little progress was made during the Dark ages from ca. 300 AD through to the middle of the 18th century. It was only from 1850 onwards that that modern sewerage was "reborn", but many of the principles grasped by the ancients are still in use today. This paper traces the development of the sewer from those earliest of civilizations through to the present day and beyond. A 6000 year technological history is a powerful validation of the vital contribution of sewers to human history. © 2014 by the authors.en_GB
dc.identifier.citationVol. 6 (6), pp. 3936 - 3974en_GB
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/su6063936
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10871/17317
dc.language.isoenen_GB
dc.publisherMDPIen_GB
dc.rightsThis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.en_GB
dc.subjectBathroomsen_GB
dc.subjectBronze agesen_GB
dc.subjectByzantine worlden_GB
dc.subjectEtruscan civilizationen_GB
dc.subjectIndus valley civilizationen_GB
dc.subjectKnossosen_GB
dc.subjectLavatoriesen_GB
dc.subjectOttomanen_GB
dc.subjectRoman empireen_GB
dc.subjectSanitationen_GB
dc.titleThe historical development of sewers worldwideen_GB
dc.typeArticleen_GB
dc.date.available2015-05-26T12:48:07Z
dc.identifier.issn2071-1050
dc.identifier.journalSustainabilityen_GB


Files in this item

This item appears in the following Collection(s)

Show simple item record