Forcings, Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity in HadGEM3-GC3.1 and UKESM1
dc.contributor.author | Andrews, T | |
dc.contributor.author | Andrews, MB | |
dc.contributor.author | Bodas-Salcedo, A | |
dc.contributor.author | Jones, GS | |
dc.contributor.author | Kulhbrodt, T | |
dc.contributor.author | Manners, J | |
dc.contributor.author | Menary, MB | |
dc.contributor.author | Ridley, J | |
dc.contributor.author | Ringer, MA | |
dc.contributor.author | Sellar, AA | |
dc.contributor.author | Senior, CA | |
dc.contributor.author | Tang, Y | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-01-07T13:48:17Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2019-11-24 | |
dc.description.abstract | Climate forcing, sensitivity, and feedback metrics are evaluated in both the United Kingdom's physical climate model HadGEM3‐GC3.1 at low (‐LL) and medium (‐MM) resolution and the United Kingdom's Earth System Model UKESM1. The effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) to a doubling of CO2 is 5.5 K for HadGEM3.1‐GC3.1‐LL and 5.4 K for UKESM1. The transient climate response is 2.5 and 2.8 K, respectively. While the EffCS is larger than that seen in the previous generation of models, none of the model's forcing or feedback processes are found to be atypical of models, though the cloud feedback is at the high end. The relatively large EffCS results from an unusual combination of a typical CO2 forcing with a relatively small feedback parameter. Compared to the previous U.K. climate model, HadGEM3‐GC2.0, the EffCS has increased from 3.2 to 5.5 K due to an increase in CO2 forcing, surface albedo feedback, and midlatitude cloud feedback. All changes are well understood and due to physical improvements in the model. At higher atmospheric and ocean resolution (HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐MM), there is a compensation between increased marine stratocumulus cloud feedback and reduced Antarctic sea‐ice feedback. In UKESM1, a CO2 fertilization effect induces a land surface vegetation change and albedo radiative effect. Historical aerosol forcing in HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐LL is −1.1 W m−2. In HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐LL historical simulations, cloud feedback is found to be less positive than in abrupt‐4xCO2, in agreement with atmosphere‐only experiments forced with observed historical sea surface temperature and sea‐ice variations. However, variability in the coupled model's historical sea‐ice trends hampers accurate diagnosis of the model's total historical feedback. | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | European Union Horizon 2020 | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) | en_GB |
dc.identifier.citation | Published online 24 November 2019 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1029/2019MS001866 | |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | 641816 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | NE/N017951/1 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10871/40295 | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_GB |
dc.publisher | American Geophysical Union (AGU) / Wiley | en_GB |
dc.rights | ©2019. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | en_GB |
dc.subject | Climate Sensitivity | en_GB |
dc.subject | Climate feedback | en_GB |
dc.subject | Radiative forcing | en_GB |
dc.subject | CMIP6 | en_GB |
dc.subject | RFMIP | en_GB |
dc.subject | CFMIP | en_GB |
dc.title | Forcings, Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity in HadGEM3-GC3.1 and UKESM1 | en_GB |
dc.type | Article | en_GB |
dc.date.available | 2020-01-07T13:48:17Z | |
dc.description | This is the final version. Available on open access from the American Geophysical Union via the DOI in this record | en_GB |
dc.identifier.eissn | 1942-2466 | |
dc.identifier.journal | Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems | en_GB |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en_GB |
dcterms.dateAccepted | 2019-11-19 | |
rioxxterms.version | CVoR | en_GB |
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate | 2019-11-24 | |
rioxxterms.type | Journal Article/Review | en_GB |
refterms.dateFCD | 2020-01-07T13:45:37Z | |
refterms.versionFCD | CVoR | |
refterms.dateFOA | 2020-01-07T13:48:20Z | |
refterms.panel | B | en_GB |
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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.