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dc.contributor.authorTorquati, L
dc.contributor.authorMielke, G
dc.contributor.authorBrown, W
dc.contributor.authorBurton, N
dc.contributor.authorKolbe-Alexander, T
dc.date.accessioned2019-09-11T09:49:37Z
dc.date.issued2019-09-19
dc.description.abstractBackground. Shift work is characterized by employees working outside the standard hours of 7:00 am to 6:00 pm. Because shift work includes night work, the normal sleep–wake cycle (circadian rhythm) is disrupted, with potential consequences for shift workers’ physical and mental health. Objectives. To assess the pooled effects of shift work on mental health and to evaluate whether these differ in men and women. Search Methods. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed or government reports published up to August 2018 Selection Criteria. To be included, studies had to be longitudinal or case–control studies of shift work exposure associated with adverse mental health outcomes. For subanalyses, we grouped these outcomes as anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, or general poor mental health symptoms. Data Collection and Analysis. We followed the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Group guidelines. We extracted adjusted risk estimates for each study to calculate pooled effect sizes (ESs) using random effect models and metaregression analysis to explore sources of heterogeneity. Main Results. We included 7 longitudinal studies, with 28 431 unique participants. Shift work was associated with increased overall risk of adverse mental health outcomes combined (ES = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 1.62; I2 = 70.6%) and specifically for depressive symptoms (ES = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.74; I2 = 31.5%). Gender differences explained more than 90% of heterogeneity, with female shift workers more likely to experience depressive symptoms than female non–shift workers (odds ratio = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.39, 2.14). Authors’ Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to investigate the pooled effects of shift work on the risk of poor mental health, including subanalyses by type of poor mental health and gender. Shift workers, particularly women, are at increased risk for poor mental health, particularly depressive symptoms. Public Health Implications. Depression accounts for 4.3% of the global burden of disease and incidence, with mental disorders worldwide predicted to cost US $16.3 million by 2030. With 1 in 5 people in the United States and Europe doing shift work, and the increased risk of poor mental health among shift workers, shift work industries are a priority context for reducing this burden. Workplace health promotion programs and policies are needed to minimize shift workers’ risk of poor mental health.en_GB
dc.identifier.citationPublished online 19 September 2019en_GB
dc.identifier.doi10.2105/AJPH.2019.305278
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10871/38686
dc.language.isoenen_GB
dc.publisherAmerican Public Health Associationen_GB
dc.rights.embargoreasonUnder indefinite embargo due to publisher policy  
dc.rights© APHA, 2019
dc.titleShift Work and Poor Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studiesen_GB
dc.typeArticleen_GB
dc.date.available2019-09-11T09:49:37Z
dc.identifier.issn0090-0036
dc.descriptionThis is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Public Health Association via the DOI in this record.en_GB
dc.identifier.journalAmerican Journal of Public Healthen_GB
dc.rights.urihttp://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserveden_GB
dcterms.dateAccepted2019-07-10
rioxxterms.versionAMen_GB
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2019-07-10
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_GB
refterms.dateFCD2019-09-11T08:40:46Z
refterms.versionFCDAM
refterms.dateFOA2019-09-25T08:40:19Z
refterms.panelCen_GB


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