The acute influence of amateur boxing on cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of head impacts, sustained over the course of three rounds of amateur boxing, on indices of cerebrovascular function. Methods: 18 university amateur boxers (six female) completed three experimental trials in a randomised order; 1) three rounds of boxing (BOX), 2) an equivalent bout of pad boxing (where no blows to the head were sustained; PAD), and 3) a time-matched seated control trial (CON). Indices of cerebrovascular function were determined immediately before and 45 minutes after each trial. Specifically, dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) was determined by considering the relationship between changes in cerebral blood velocity and mean arterial pressure during five minutes of squat-stand manoeuvres at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz. Cerebrovascular reactivity was determined using serial breath holding and hyperventilation attempts. Results: Participants received an average of 40 ± 16 punches to the head during the BOX trial. Diastolic, mean and systolic dCA phase during squat stand manoeuvres at 0.05 Hz was lower after BOX compared to pre BOX (P≤0.02, effect size (d)≥0.74). No other alterations in dCA outcomes were observed at 0.05 or 0.10 Hz. The number of head impacts received during the BOX trial was associated with the change in systolic phase (r=0.50, P=0.03). No differences in cerebrovascular reactivity to breath holding or hyperventilation were observed. Conclusion: A typical bout of amateur boxing (i.e. three rounds) can subtly alter cerebral pressure-flow dynamics, and the magnitude of this change may be related to head impact exposure.