Objective: To compare family functioning over time for elementary school children with
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; N=179) and subthreshold ADHD (ST ADHD; N=86), to children without ADHD (Control; N=212). Method: ADHD was assessed
using the Conners 3 ADHD Index and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV. ...
Objective: To compare family functioning over time for elementary school children with
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; N=179) and subthreshold ADHD (ST ADHD; N=86), to children without ADHD (Control; N=212). Method: ADHD was assessed
using the Conners 3 ADHD Index and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV. At
baseline, 18-month follow-up and 36-month follow-up, parents completed measures
assessing a range of family functioning domains. Results: At baseline, the ADHD group
reported higher psychological distress, less parenting self-efficacy, less parenting
consistency, and more stressful life events; and both groups reported poorer family quality of
life (QoL) and greater parenting anger. Trajectories were largely similar to controls (i.e.,
stable over time), but unlike controls, ADHD and ST-ADHD groups showed lessening
parent-partner support and parenting warmth, respectively; and both groups showed
worsening aspects of family QoL. Conclusion: Families of children with ADHD and ST ADHD report persistently poor or worsening family functioning; highlighting a need for
tailored psycho-social supports.