Chemical changes during endoskarn and porphyry‐style alteration and Cu—Fe exoskarn mineralization in the Tonglushan system, eastern China

Abstract

Element mobility and chemical mass transfer are evaluated in the formation of Cu—Fe exoskarn deposits and endoskarn and minor porphyry-style alteration in the Tonglushan quartz monzodiorite (QMD) system, eastern China. Endoskarn formation involved the migration of Ca into the QMD from the exoskarnification of carbonates (now marble) xenoliths and wall rocks, addition of Fe and Mn by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids emanating from the interior of the QMD, and removal of alkali elements due to the replacement of feldspars and mica by prograde skarn minerals. Zirconium, Hf, U, and rare earth elements (REE) were added by hydrothermal fluids which were able to carry these often poorly mobile high field strength elements (HFSE) due to elevated F activity. Additions of Al were likely from Na-rich fluids that also caused sodic alteration. Several factors favored mineralization within the exoskarns rather than endoskarns and QMD. The endoskarns were relatively oxidizing, as evidenced by a significant addition of Fe3+, which caused Cu to remain in magmatic-hydrothermal fluids until they entered and precipitated sulphides in the more reducing environment of the exoskarns. Fluid migration from the QMD through the endoskarns and into the exoskarns was favored due to decarbonation of wall rock carbonates and related upwards migration of CO2 to produce a self-sustaining chimney effect, which drew further fluids towards the carbonates to form, alter and mineralize the exoskarns. The higher porosity and permeability of the endoskarns compared with the QMD further promoted the lateral flow of Cu-bearing fluids towards the exoskarns and limited porphyry-style alteration and mineralization within the QMD. This proposed mechanism is only likely to be relevant for porphyry-type systems developed predominantly within carbonate host rocks. Its significance for exploration models is that relatively poorly mineralized porphyry stocks in this setting may be associated with more substantive exoskarn deposits on their margins.