The physiological, in-vitro simulation of daily activities in the intervertebral disc using a load Informed kinematic evaluation (LIKE) protocol
dc.contributor.author | Lazaro-Pacheco, D | |
dc.contributor.author | Ebisch, I | |
dc.contributor.author | Holsgrove, TP | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2024-01-31T13:13:44Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2024-01-04 | |
dc.date.updated | 2024-01-31T12:35:09Z | |
dc.description.abstract | Current spinal testing protocols generally adopt pure moments combined with axial compression. However, daily activities involve multi-axis loads, and multi-axis loading has been shown to impact intervertebral disc (IVD) cell viability. Therefore, integrating in-vivo load data with spine simulators is critical to understand how loading affects the IVD, but doing so is challenging due to load coupling and variable load rates. This study addresses these challenges through the Load Informed Kinematic Evaluation (LIKE) protocol, which was evaluated using the root mean squared error (RMSE) between desired and actual loads in each axis. Stage 1 involves obtaining the kinematics from six-axis load control tests replicating 20 Orthoload activities at a reduced test speed. Stage 2 applies these kinematics in five axes, with axial compression applied in load control, at the reduced speed and at the physiological test rate. Stage 3 enables long-term tests through six-axis kinematic control combined with diurnal height correction to account for the natural height fluctuations of the IVD. Stage 1 yielded RMSEs within twice the load cell noise floor. Low RMSEs were maintained during stage 2 at reduced speed (Tx:0.80 ± 0.30 N; Ty:0.77 ± 0.29 N; Tz:1.79 ± 0.50 N; Rx:0.02 ± 0.01Nm; Ry:0.02 ± 0.01Nm; and Rz:0.02 ± 0.01Nm) and at the physiological test rate (Tx:3.45 ± 1.81 N; Ty:3.82 ± 1.99 N; Tz:11.32 ± 8.69 N; Rx:0.13 ± 0.07Nm; Ry:0.16 ± 0.11Nm; and Rz:0.07 ± 0.04Nm). To address unwanted oscillations observed in longer tests (>2h), Stage 3 was introduced to enable the stable and consistent replication of activities at a physiological test rate. Despite higher RMSEs the axial error was 85.5 ± 24.27 N (equivalent to ∼ 0.16 MPa), with shear RMSEs similar to other testing systems conducting pure moment tests at slower rates. The LIKE protocol enables the replication of physiological loads, providing opportunities for enhanced investigations of IVD mechanobiology, and the pre-clinical evaluation of IVD devices and therapies. | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) | en_GB |
dc.identifier.citation | Published online 4 January 2024 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.doi | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111919 | |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | EP/T518049/1 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | EP/S031669/1 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10871/135213 | |
dc.identifier | ORCID: 0000-0003-2832-4958 (Holsgrove, TP) | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_GB |
dc.publisher | Elsevier | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38195261 | en_GB |
dc.rights | © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). | en_GB |
dc.subject | Bioreactor | en_GB |
dc.subject | Intervertebral disc | en_GB |
dc.subject | Physiological loading | en_GB |
dc.subject | Six-axis | en_GB |
dc.subject | Spine biomechanics | en_GB |
dc.title | The physiological, in-vitro simulation of daily activities in the intervertebral disc using a load Informed kinematic evaluation (LIKE) protocol | en_GB |
dc.type | Article | en_GB |
dc.date.available | 2024-01-31T13:13:44Z | |
dc.identifier.issn | 0021-9290 | |
exeter.article-number | 111919 | |
exeter.place-of-publication | United States | |
dc.description | This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this record. | en_GB |
dc.identifier.eissn | 1873-2380 | |
dc.identifier.journal | Journal of Biomechanics | en_GB |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | en_GB |
dcterms.dateAccepted | 2023-12-31 | |
rioxxterms.version | VoR | en_GB |
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate | 2024-01-04 | |
rioxxterms.type | Journal Article/Review | en_GB |
refterms.dateFCD | 2024-01-31T13:11:03Z | |
refterms.versionFCD | VoR | |
refterms.dateFOA | 2024-01-31T13:13:54Z | |
refterms.panel | B | en_GB |
refterms.dateFirstOnline | 2024-01-04 |
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's licence is described as © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).