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dc.contributor.authorKemen, E
dc.contributor.authorGardiner, A
dc.contributor.authorSchultz-Larsen, T
dc.contributor.authorKemen, AC
dc.contributor.authorBalmuth, AL
dc.contributor.authorRobert-Seilaniantz, A
dc.contributor.authorBailey, K
dc.contributor.authorHolub, E
dc.contributor.authorStudholme, DJ
dc.contributor.authorMaclean, D
dc.contributor.authorJones, JD
dc.date.accessioned2015-06-12T13:46:04Z
dc.date.issued2011-07-05
dc.description.abstractBiotrophic eukaryotic plant pathogens require a living host for their growth and form an intimate haustorial interface with parasitized cells. Evolution to biotrophy occurred independently in fungal rusts and powdery mildews, and in oomycete white rusts and downy mildews. Biotroph evolution and molecular mechanisms of biotrophy are poorly understood. It has been proposed, but not shown, that obligate biotrophy results from (i) reduced selection for maintenance of biosynthetic pathways and (ii) gain of mechanisms to evade host recognition or suppress host defence. Here we use Illumina sequencing to define the genome, transcriptome, and gene models for the obligate biotroph oomycete and Arabidopsis parasite, Albugo laibachii. A. laibachii is a member of the Chromalveolata, which incorporates Heterokonts (containing the oomycetes), Apicomplexa (which includes human parasites like Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii), and four other taxa. From comparisons with other oomycete plant pathogens and other chromalveolates, we reveal independent loss of molybdenum-cofactor-requiring enzymes in downy mildews, white rusts, and the malaria parasite P. falciparum. Biotrophy also requires "effectors" to suppress host defence; we reveal RXLR and Crinkler effectors shared with other oomycetes, and also discover and verify a novel class of effectors, the "CHXCs", by showing effector delivery and effector functionality. Our findings suggest that evolution to progressively more intimate association between host and parasite results in reduced selection for retention of certain biosynthetic pathways, and particularly reduced selection for retention of molybdopterin-requiring biosynthetic pathways. These mechanisms are not only relevant to plant pathogenic oomycetes but also to human pathogens within the Chromalveolata.en_GB
dc.description.sponsorshipERCen_GB
dc.description.sponsorshipGatsby Foundationen_GB
dc.description.sponsorshipBBSRCen_GB
dc.description.sponsorshipDFGen_GB
dc.description.sponsorshipDASTIen_GB
dc.identifier.citationVol. 9, pp. e1001094 -en_GB
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pbio.1001094
dc.identifier.grantnumber233376 (ALBUGON)en_GB
dc.identifier.grantnumberKE 1509/1-1en_GB
dc.identifier.otherPBIOLOGY-D-10-00608
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10871/17519
dc.language.isoenen_GB
dc.publisherPublic Library of Scienceen_GB
dc.relation.urlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21750662en_GB
dc.relation.urlhttp://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001094en_GB
dc.rightsThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.en_GB
dc.subjectArabidopsisen_GB
dc.subjectBase Sequenceen_GB
dc.subjectBiological Evolutionen_GB
dc.subjectGenesen_GB
dc.subjectGenomeen_GB
dc.subjectHost-Pathogen Interactionsen_GB
dc.subjectOomycetesen_GB
dc.subjectPlant Diseasesen_GB
dc.subjectSymbiosisen_GB
dc.titleGene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana.en_GB
dc.typeArticleen_GB
dc.date.available2015-06-12T13:46:04Z
dc.identifier.issn1544-9173
exeter.place-of-publicationUnited States
dc.descriptionJournal Articleen_GB
dc.descriptionResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ten_GB
dc.descriptionCopyright: © 2011 Kemen et al.en_GB
dc.identifier.journalPLoS Biolen_GB


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