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dc.contributor.authorAmos, GCA
dc.contributor.authorHawkey, PM
dc.contributor.authorGaze, WH
dc.contributor.authorWellington, EM
dc.date.accessioned2017-01-10T12:49:51Z
dc.date.issued2014-07
dc.description.abstractOBJECTIVES: Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae pose a significant threat to public health. We aimed to study the impact of sewage treatment effluent on antibiotic resistance reservoirs in a river. METHODS: River sediment samples were taken from downstream and upstream of a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in 2009 and 2011. Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated. PCR-based techniques were used to elucidate mechanisms of resistance, with a new two-step PCR-based assay developed to investigate bla(CTX-M-15) mobilization. Conjugation experiments and incompatibility replicon typing were used to investigate plasmid ecology. RESULTS: We report the first examples of bla(CTX-M-15) in UK river sediment; the prevalence of bla(CTX-M-15) was dramatically increased downstream of the WWTP. Ten novel genetic contexts for this gene were identified, carried in pathogens such as Escherichia coli ST131 as well as indigenous aquatic bacteria such as Aeromonas media. The bla(CTX-M-15) -gene was readily transferable to other Gram-negative bacteria. We also report the first finding of an imipenem-resistant E. coli in a UK river. CONCLUSIONS: The high diversity and host range of novel genetic contexts proves that evolution of novel combinations of resistance genes is occurring at high frequency and has to date been significantly underestimated. We have identified a worrying reservoir of highly resistant enteric bacteria in the environment that poses a threat to human and animal health.en_GB
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant NE/E004482/1). G. C. A. A. was supported by a BBSRC studentship. W. H. G. has been supported by the ERDF and ESF since moving to the University of Exeteren_GB
dc.identifier.citationVol. 69, pp. 1785 - 1791en_GB
dc.identifier.doi10.1093/jac/dku079
dc.identifier.otherdku079
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10871/25144
dc.language.isoenen_GB
dc.publisherOxford University Press (OUP)en_GB
dc.relation.urlhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24797064en_GB
dc.rights© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.en_GB
dc.subjectCTX-Men_GB
dc.subjectantibiotic resistanceen_GB
dc.subjectcarbapenem resistanceen_GB
dc.subjectenvironmental pathogensen_GB
dc.subjectβ-lactamasesen_GB
dc.subjectBacterial Loaden_GB
dc.subjectConjugation, Geneticen_GB
dc.subjectDNA, Bacterialen_GB
dc.subjectEnterobacteriaceaeen_GB
dc.subjectGene Transfer, Horizontalen_GB
dc.subjectMolecular Sequence Dataen_GB
dc.subjectPlasmidsen_GB
dc.subjectPolymerase Chain Reactionen_GB
dc.subjectRiversen_GB
dc.subjectSequence Analysis, DNAen_GB
dc.subjectSewageen_GB
dc.subjectUnited Kingdomen_GB
dc.subjectWaste Wateren_GB
dc.subjectbeta-Lactamasesen_GB
dc.titleWaste water effluent contributes to the dissemination of CTX-M-15 in the natural environmenten_GB
dc.typeArticleen_GB
dc.date.available2017-01-10T12:49:51Z
dc.identifier.issn1460-2091
exeter.place-of-publicationEnglanden_GB
dc.descriptionThis is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.en_GB
dc.identifier.journalJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapyen_GB
dc.identifier.pmcidPMC4054988
dc.identifier.pmid24797064


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