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dc.contributor.authorPeal, A
dc.contributor.authorEvans, B
dc.contributor.authorAhilan, S
dc.contributor.authorBan, R
dc.contributor.authorBlackett, I
dc.contributor.authorHawkins, P
dc.contributor.authorSchoebitz, L
dc.contributor.authorScott, R
dc.contributor.authorSleigh, A
dc.contributor.authorStrande, L
dc.contributor.authorVeses Roda, O
dc.date.accessioned2020-01-07T15:25:55Z
dc.date.issued2020-01-31
dc.description.abstractThe urban population will rise to 6.7 billion by 2050. The United Nations has committed to provide everyone with safely managed sanitation, but there is limited understanding of the scale of the challenge. This paper describes a methodology for rapid assessment of sanitation in cities including a graphical representation (a shit-flow diagram or SFD) and reports on findings from implementation in 39 cities. 26 The SFD provides high level information for planning purposes covering the entire sanitation system in a city. More than half of the human excreta produced in these cities is not safely managed. The most significant portions of the unsafely managed excreta are: (i) contents of pits and tanks which are not emptied and are overflowing, leaking, or discharging to the surrounding environment (14 per 30 cent); (ii) contents of pits and tanks which are emptied but not delivered to treatment (18 per cent); (iii) faecal sludge and supernatant delivered to treatment but not treated (3 per cent); (iv) wastewater in sewers not delivered to treatment (14 per cent); and (v) wastewater delivered to treatment but not treated (6 per cent). Many cities currently relying on onsite sanitation for safe storage, particularly in Africa, will need new strategies as populations grow. Containment systems that discharge to open drains are common in some Asian cities; these pose a public health risk. Dumping of excreta is widespread and there is a lack of realistic performance data on which estimates of the extent and effectiveness of treatment can be made. The SFD production process can be challenging due to a lack of data and low technical capacity in cities. There is often uncertainty over terminology and over the status of infrastructure. Formalizing definitions for the SFD preparation process was found to be useful in overcoming capacity constraints in cities. The SFD produces a credible snapshot of the sanitation situation in a city. The paper provides evidence of the urgent need for improved management and monitoring of urban sanitation in cities around the world and highlights the role of the SFD as a planning tool.en_GB
dc.description.sponsorshipBill and Melinda Gates Foundationen_GB
dc.identifier.citationVol. 8, article 1en_GB
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fenvs.2020.00001
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10871/40296
dc.language.isoenen_GB
dc.publisherFrontiers Mediaen_GB
dc.rights© 2020 Peal, Evans, Ahilan, Ban, Blackett, Hawkins, Schoebitz, Scott, Sleigh, Strande and Veses. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
dc.subjectCitiesen_GB
dc.subjectUrban Sanitationen_GB
dc.subjectMonitoringen_GB
dc.subjectHealth risken_GB
dc.subjectExcreta flow diagramen_GB
dc.subjectSFDen_GB
dc.titleEstimating safely managed sanitation in urban areas; lessons learned from a global implementation of excreta-flow diagramsen_GB
dc.typeArticleen_GB
dc.date.available2020-01-07T15:25:55Z
dc.identifier.issn2296-665X
dc.descriptionThis is the final version. Available on open access from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this recorden_GB
dc.descriptionData availability statement: The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author
dc.identifier.journalFrontiers in Environmental Scienceen_GB
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en_GB
dcterms.dateAccepted2020-01-07
rioxxterms.versionVoRen_GB
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate2020-01-07
rioxxterms.typeJournal Article/Reviewen_GB
refterms.dateFCD2020-01-07T14:09:11Z
refterms.versionFCDAM
refterms.dateFOA2020-01-31T11:09:36Z
refterms.panelBen_GB


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© 2020 Peal, Evans, Ahilan, Ban, Blackett, Hawkins, Schoebitz, Scott, Sleigh, Strande and Veses. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Except where otherwise noted, this item's licence is described as © 2020 Peal, Evans, Ahilan, Ban, Blackett, Hawkins, Schoebitz, Scott, Sleigh, Strande and Veses. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.