Regulatory implications of integrated real-time control technology under environmental uncertainty

Abstract

Integrated real-time control (RTC) of urban wastewater systems, which can automatically adjust system operation to environmental changes, has been found in previous studies as a cost-effective strategy to strike a balance between good surface water quality and low greenhouse gas emissions. However, its regulatoryimplications have not been examined. To investigate the effective regulation of wastewater systems with this technology, two permitting approaches are developed and assessed in this work -upstream-based permitting (i.e. environmental outcomesas a function of upstream conditions) and means-based permitting (i.e. prescription of an optimal RTC strategy). An analytical framework is proposed for permit development and assessment using a diverse set of high performing integrated RTC strategies and environmental scenarios (rainfall, river flow rate and water quality). Results from a case study show that by applying means-based permitting, the best achievable, locally suitableenvironmentaloutcomes (subject to 10% deviation) are obtainedin over 80% of testing scenarios (or all testing scenarios if 19% of performance deviation is allowed) regardless of the uncertain upstream conditions. Upstream-based permitting is less effective as it is difficult to set reasonable performance targetsfor a highly complex and stochastic environment.