dc.contributor.author | Smith, DAS | |
dc.contributor.author | Traut, W | |
dc.contributor.author | Martin, SH | |
dc.contributor.author | Ireri, P | |
dc.contributor.author | Omufwoko, KS | |
dc.contributor.author | Ffrench-Constant, R | |
dc.contributor.author | Gordon, IJ | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2020-02-19T10:04:11Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2019-09-09 | |
dc.description.abstract | Danaus chrysippus (L.), one of the world’s commonest butterflies, has an extensive range throughout the Old-World tropics. In Africa it is divided into four geographical subspecies which overlap and hybridise freely in the East African Rift: Here alone a male-killing (MK) endosymbiont, Spiroplasma ixodetis, has invaded, causing female-biased populations to predominate. In ssp. chrysippus, inside the Rift only, an autosome carrying a colour locus has fused with the W chromosome to create a neo-W chromosome. A total of 40-100% of Rift females are neo-W and carry Spiroplasma, thus transmitting a linked, matrilineal neo-W, MK complex. As neo-W females have no sons, half the mother’s genes are lost in each generation. Paradoxically, although neo-W females have no close male relatives and are thereby forced to outbreed, MK restricts gene flow between subspecies and may thus promote speciation. The neo-W chromosome originated in the Nairobi region around 2.2 k years ago and subsequently spread throughout the Rift contact zone in some 26 k generations, possibly assisted by not having any competing brothers. Our work on the neo-W chromosome, the spread of Spiroplasma and possible speciation is ongoing. | en_GB |
dc.identifier.citation | Vol. 10 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.3390/insects10090291 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10871/40920 | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_GB |
dc.publisher | MDPI | en_GB |
dc.rights | © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | en_GB |
dc.subject | colour polymorphism | en_GB |
dc.subject | Danaus chrysippus | en_GB |
dc.subject | defence | en_GB |
dc.subject | magic trait | en_GB |
dc.subject | male-killing | en_GB |
dc.subject | mimicry | en_GB |
dc.subject | neo sex chromosomes | en_GB |
dc.subject | resource competition | en_GB |
dc.subject | speciation | en_GB |
dc.title | Neo sex chromosomes, colour polymorphism and male-killing in the African queen butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.) | en_GB |
dc.type | Article | en_GB |
dc.date.available | 2020-02-19T10:04:11Z | |
dc.description | This is the final version. Available from MDPI via the DOI in this record. | en_GB |
dc.description | The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/9/291/s1, Figure S1: (a) Histograms showing the frequencies (per cent) of (A) females and (B–D) the three homozygous recessive phenotypes aa (B), bb (C) and cc (D) at Nairobi. Symbols on the co-ordinate: J = January, F = February, A = Insects 2019, 10, 291 20 of 25 April, M = May, J/A = July/August, N = November. x = the mean value of the six samples [13]; (b) Frequencies (per cent) as three-month moving averages for the cc genotype (o) and females (•) in monthly samples of D.chrysippus from February 1972 to September 1975 on the campus of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The approximate durations of wet seasons (dashed lines indicating periods that are variable) and the two monsoons (SE = south–east, NE = north–east) are shown at the top [13]; Table S1: Sex ratios of Danaus chrysippus collected as eggs, Athi River Plains, Nairobi, 1986–1994. (Expected numbers if the true sex ratio is stable at 74.5% female in parentheses); Table S2: Disassortative (negative non-random) mating for C locus genotype (expected numbers in parentheses if mate choice is random) in D. chrysippus at Kitengela, Kenya, May–July 2015. | en_GB |
dc.identifier.journal | Insects | en_GB |
dc.rights.uri | http://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved | en_GB |
dcterms.dateAccepted | 2019-09-03 | |
rioxxterms.version | VoR | en_GB |
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate | 2019-09-01 | |
rioxxterms.type | Journal Article/Review | en_GB |
refterms.dateFCD | 2020-02-19T09:57:40Z | |
refterms.versionFCD | VoR | |
refterms.dateFOA | 2020-02-19T10:04:19Z | |
refterms.panel | A | en_GB |