Work Effort: A Conceptual and Meta-Analytic Review
dc.contributor.author | Van Iddekinge, CH | |
dc.contributor.author | Arnold, JD | |
dc.contributor.author | Aguinis, H | |
dc.contributor.author | Lang, JWB | |
dc.contributor.author | Lievens, F | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2022-03-31T09:14:59Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2022-04-26 | |
dc.date.updated | 2022-03-30T15:59:33Z | |
dc.description.abstract | Work effort has been a key concept in management theories and research for more than a century. Maintaining and increasing employee effort also is a persistent concern to managers. The goal of the present conceptual and meta-analytic review was to increase clarity and consensus regarding what effort is and how to measure it. First, we reviewed conceptualizations of effort and provided an integrated definition that views effort as a direct outcome of motivation that captures (a) what employees work on, (b) how hard they work, and (c) how long they persist in that work. Second, we identified five main ways researchers have operationalized effort and meta-analytically studied the effects of each operationalization on effort-job performance relationships. For example, measures that assessed multiple dimensions of effort (e.g., ρ = .37) tended to relate more strongly to performance than measures that focused on only one dimension (e.g., effort intensity) or on effort more generally (ρ = .18 to .29). Third, we developed and metaanalytically tested a nomological network to gain a better understanding of effort’s antecedents (e.g., intrinsic motivation, ρ = .46; performance orientation, ρ = .12) and outcomes (e.g., job performance, ρ = .34; exhaustion, ρ = .04), as well as constructs that appear to overlap with effort (e.g., work engagement, ρ = .48; grit, ρ = .51). Finally, based on our conceptual and metaanalytic reviews, we delineated an agenda for future research on this central, yet often misunderstood, construct. | en_GB |
dc.identifier.citation | Published online 26 April 2022 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1177/01492063221087641 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10871/129215 | |
dc.identifier | ORCID: 0000-0003-1115-3443 (Lang, Jonas) | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_GB |
dc.publisher | SAGE Publications / Southern Management Association | en_GB |
dc.rights | © The Author(s) 2022. Open access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). | |
dc.subject | effort | en_GB |
dc.subject | engagement | en_GB |
dc.subject | meta-analysis | en_GB |
dc.subject | motivation | en_GB |
dc.subject | performance | en_GB |
dc.title | Work Effort: A Conceptual and Meta-Analytic Review | en_GB |
dc.type | Article | en_GB |
dc.date.available | 2022-03-31T09:14:59Z | |
dc.identifier.issn | 1557-1211 | |
dc.description | This is the final version. Available on open access from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this record | en_GB |
dc.identifier.journal | Journal of Management | en_GB |
dc.rights.uri | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ | en_GB |
dcterms.dateAccepted | 2022-03-01 | |
rioxxterms.version | VoR | en_GB |
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate | 2022-03-01 | |
rioxxterms.type | Journal Article/Review | en_GB |
refterms.dateFCD | 2022-03-30T15:59:45Z | |
refterms.versionFCD | AM | |
refterms.dateFOA | 2022-06-15T12:02:28Z | |
refterms.panel | C | en_GB |
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Except where otherwise noted, this item's licence is described as © The Author(s) 2022. Open access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).