Age of diagnosis does not alter the presentation or progression of robustly defined adult onset type 1 diabetes

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether presentation, progression, and genetic susceptibility of robustly defined adult-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) are altered by diagnosis age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared the relationship between diagnosis age and presentation, C-peptide loss (annual change in urine C-peptide-creatinine ratio [UCPCR]), and genetic susceptibility (T1D genetic risk score [GRS]) in adults with confirmed T1D in the prospective StartRight study, 1,798 adults with new-onset diabetes. T1D was defined in two ways: two or more positive islet autoantibodies (of GAD antibody, IA-2 antigen, and ZnT8 autoantibody) irrespective of clinical diagnosis (n = 385) or one positive islet autoantibody and a clinical diagnosis of T1D (n = 180). RESULTS: In continuous analysis, age of diagnosis was not associated with C-peptide loss for either definition of T1D (P > 0.1), with mean (95% CI) annual C-peptide loss in those diagnosed before and after 35 years of age (median age of T1D defined by two or more positive autoantibodies): 39 (31-46) vs. 44% (38-50) with two or more positive islet autoantibodies and 43 (33-51) vs. 39% (31-46) with clinician diagnosis confirmed by one positive islet autoantibody (P > 0.1). Baseline C-peptide and T1D GRS were unaffected by age of diagnosis or T1D definition (P > 0.1). In T1D defined by two or more autoantibodies, presentation severity was similar in those diagnosed before and after 35 years of age: unintentional weight loss, 80 (95% CI 74-85) vs. 82% (76-87); ketoacidosis, 24 (18-30) vs. 19% (14-25); and presentation glucose, 21 (19-22) vs. 21 mmol/L (20-22) (all P ≥ 0.1). Despite similar presentation, older adults were less likely to be diagnosed with T1D, insulin-treated, or admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: When adult-onset T1D is robustly defined, the presentation characteristics, progression, and T1D genetic susceptibility are not altered by age of diagnosis.