dc.contributor.author | He, C | |
dc.contributor.author | Chen, X | |
dc.contributor.author | Collins, M | |
dc.contributor.author | Song, F | |
dc.contributor.author | Hu, Y | |
dc.contributor.author | Jiang, X | |
dc.contributor.author | Liu, Y | |
dc.contributor.author | Ding, Y | |
dc.contributor.author | Zhou, W | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2024-03-28T10:43:46Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2024-03-25 | |
dc.date.updated | 2024-03-28T08:49:47Z | |
dc.description.abstract | Geopotential height (H) is a widely used metric for atmospheric circulation. H has been reported to rise under global warming, but the amplitude and mechanism of this rise are not clear. Based on reanalysis datasets and climate models participating in CMIP6, this study quantitatively evaluates the sensitivity of H to global mean surface air temperature (Ts), i.e., dH/dTs. Reanalysis datasets and model simulations consistently show that dH/dTs increases monotonically with altitude in the troposphere, with a global averaged value of about 24.5 gpm/K at 500 hPa, which overwhelms the interannual H variability. Diagnosis based on the hypsometric equation shows that the rise in global H is dominated by expansion of the air column due to warming-induced reduction in air density, and the magnitude of dH/dTs is determined largely by a vertical integration of the warming profile below the pressure level. Since the anthropogenic forced rise in H is rather horizontally uniform and proportional to Ts change, past and projected future changes in the global H field at each pressure level can be reproduced by change in Ts multiplied by a constant historical dH/dTs value. Spatially uniform rise in H reproduces the past and projected future expansion of the widely used H = 5880 gpm contour at 500 hPa, suggesting that it does not indicate enhancement of the subtropical high but is simply caused by thermal expansion of the atmosphere. This work uncovers the physical mechanism for rising H and offers a simple way to estimate H anomaly based on Ts anomaly. | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | National Natural Science Foundation of China | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | Key Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration | en_GB |
dc.identifier.citation | Published online 25 March 2024 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07175-5 | |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | 2020B0301030004 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | 42175024 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | 42381240299 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.grantnumber | CMA2022ZD03 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10871/135637 | |
dc.identifier | ORCID: 0000-0003-3785-6008 (Collins, Matthew) | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_GB |
dc.publisher | Springer | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6 | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels-monthly-means | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis2.html | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds628.1/dataaccess | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?project=MERRA-2 | en_GB |
dc.rights.embargoreason | Under embargo until 25 March 2025 in compliance with publisher policy | en_GB |
dc.rights | © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024 | en_GB |
dc.subject | Geopotential height | en_GB |
dc.subject | Global warming | en_GB |
dc.subject | Thermal expansion | en_GB |
dc.subject | Hypsometric equation | en_GB |
dc.title | Rising geopotential height under global warming | en_GB |
dc.type | Article | en_GB |
dc.date.available | 2024-03-28T10:43:46Z | |
dc.identifier.issn | 0930-7575 | |
dc.description | This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer via the DOI in this record | en_GB |
dc.description | Data availability: All the datasets adopted in this study can be accessed online via the following URLs. 1. CMIP6 model data. https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6. 2. Met Office Hadley Centre global historical surface temperature version 5 (HadCRUT5). https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5. 3. ERA5 global gridded monthly reanalysis data (ERA5). https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels-monthly-means. 4. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis (NCEP1). https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html. 5. NCEP/DOE reanalysis version 2 (NCEP2). https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis2.html. 6. Japanese 55-year reanalysis (JRA55). https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds628.1/dataaccess. 7 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA2). https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets?project=MERRA-2 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.eissn | 1432-0894 | |
dc.identifier.journal | Climate Dynamics | en_GB |
dc.relation.ispartof | Climate Dynamics | |
dc.rights.uri | http://www.rioxx.net/licenses/all-rights-reserved | en_GB |
dcterms.dateAccepted | 2024-02-21 | |
rioxxterms.version | AM | en_GB |
rioxxterms.licenseref.startdate | 2024-03-25 | |
rioxxterms.type | Journal Article/Review | en_GB |
refterms.dateFCD | 2024-03-28T10:39:32Z | |
refterms.versionFCD | AM | |
refterms.panel | B | en_GB |
refterms.dateFirstOnline | 2024-03-25 | |