dc.contributor.author | Lines, S | |
dc.contributor.author | Mayne, NJ | |
dc.contributor.author | Boutle, I | |
dc.contributor.author | Manners, J | |
dc.contributor.author | Lee, G | |
dc.contributor.author | Helling, C | |
dc.contributor.author | Drummond, B | |
dc.contributor.author | Amundsen, D | |
dc.contributor.author | Goyal, J | |
dc.contributor.author | Acreman, D | |
dc.contributor.author | Tremblin, P | |
dc.contributor.author | Kerslake, M | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2018-03-02T09:43:28Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2018-03-23 | |
dc.description.abstract | Aims. To understand and compare the 3D atmospheric structure of HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b, focusing on the formation and
distribution of cloud particles, as well as their feedback on the dynamics and thermal profile.
Methods. We couple the 3D Met Office Unified Model (UM), including detailed treatments of atmospheric radiative transfer and
dynamics, to a kinetic cloud formation scheme. The resulting model self–consistently solves for the formation of condensation seeds,
surface growth and evaporation, gravitational settling and advection, cloud radiative feedback via absorption and, crucially, scattering.
We use fluxes directly obtained from the UM to produce synthetic spectral energy distributions and phase curves.
Results. Our simulations show extensive cloud formation in both HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b. However, cooler temperatures in the
latter result in higher cloud particle number densities. Large particles, reaching 1 _m in diameter, can form due to high particle growth
velocities, and sub-_m particles are suspended by vertical flows leading to extensive upper-atmosphere cloud cover. A combination
of meridional advection and efficient cloud formation in cooler high latitude regions, result in enhanced cloud coverage for latitudes
> 30o and leads to a zonally banded structure for all our simulations. The cloud bands extend around the entire planet, for HD
209458 b and HD 189733 b, as the temperatures, even on the day side, remain below the condensation temperature of silicates
and oxides. Therefore, the simulated optical phase curve for HD 209458 b shows no ‘offset’, in contrast to observations. Efficient
scattering of stellar irradiation by cloud particles results in a local maximum cooling of up to 250 K in the upper atmosphere, and
an advection-driven fluctuating cloud opacity causes temporal variability in the thermal emission. The inclusion of this fundamental
cloud-atmosphere radiative feedback leads to significant differences with approaches neglecting these physical elements, which have
been employed to interpret observations and determine thermal profiles for these planets. This suggests both a note of caution of
interpretations neglecting such cloud feedback and scattering, and merits further study. | en_GB |
dc.description.sponsorship | S.L is funded by and thankful to support from the Leverhulme Trust. The calculations for this paper were performed on the University of Exeter Supercomputer, a DiRAC Facility jointly funded by STFC, the Large Facilities Capital Fund of BIS, and the University of Exeter. Material produced using Met Office Software. BD acknowledgesfunding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Unions Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement no. 336792. D.S.A. acknowledges support from the NASA Astrobiology Program through the Nexus for Exoplanet System Science. GKHL acknowledges support from the Universities of Oxford and Bern through the Bernoulli fellowship program. | en_GB |
dc.identifier.citation | Published online 23 March 2018. | en_GB |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.1051/0004-6361/201732278 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31772 | |
dc.language.iso | en | en_GB |
dc.publisher | EDP Sciences | en_GB |
dc.relation.url | https://doi.org/10.24378/exe.323 | en_GB |
dc.rights | © ESO 2018. | en_GB |
dc.subject | methods | en_GB |
dc.subject | numerical | en_GB |
dc.subject | hydrodynamics | en_GB |
dc.subject | radiative transfer | en_GB |
dc.subject | scattering | en_GB |
dc.subject | Planets and satellites | en_GB |
dc.subject | atmospheres | en_GB |
dc.subject | gaseous planets | en_GB |
dc.title | Simulating the cloudy atmospheres of HD 209458 b and HD 189733 b with the 3D Met Office Unified Model (article) | en_GB |
dc.type | Article | en_GB |
dc.identifier.issn | 0004-6361 | |
dc.description | This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from EDP Sciences via the DOI in this record. | en_GB |
dc.description | The dataset associated with this article is located in ORE at: https://doi.org/10.24378/exe.323 | en_GB |
dc.identifier.journal | Astronomy and Astrophysics | en_GB |